Buku Kimia Organik Kelas 10 SMK

Materi Kimia Organik

PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... viii
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR PAKET KEAHLIAN KIMIA INDUSTRI ............................. ix
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. xi

I. Pendahuluan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 1
1. Pengertian ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1
2. Rasional ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
3. Tujuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 1
4. Ruang Lingkup Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 2
5. Prinsip -prinsip Belajar, Pembelajaran, dan Asesmen ................................ ............ 3
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 4
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 4
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 5
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ .............. 5
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 7

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 9
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1 . Jenis -Jenis Senyawa Hidrokarbon ................................ ........... 9
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 9
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 9
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 9
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 9
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 41
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 43
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 49
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 50
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 50
2. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 55
3. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 59

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2 . Gugus Fungsional Turunan Senyawa Hidrokarbon ........ 62
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 62
B. Kegiatan pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 62
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 62
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 62
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 105
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 107
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 124
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 125
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 125
2. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 130
3. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 134

Kegiatan Pem belajaran 3. Reaksi Kimia Dalam Sintesis Senyawa Organik ............. 137
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 137
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 137
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 137
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 137
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 152
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 154
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 160
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 161
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 161
2. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 166
3. Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 170

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4 . Membuat Etanol Skala Laboratorium ................................ 172
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 172
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 172
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 172
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 172
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 185
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 187
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 194
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 195
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 195
2. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 200
3. Pengetahu an ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 204

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 5. Pembuatan Asam Asetat Skala Laboratorium ................ 206
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 206
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 206

vi
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 206
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 206
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 225
4. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 226
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 232
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 233
1. Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 233
2. Keterampilan ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 238
3. Pengetahu an ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 242

III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 244
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 245

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 . Empat ikatan kovalen dari molekul metana ................................ ........................ 11
Gambar 2 . Rantai terbuka ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 12
Gambar 3 . Rantai terbuka dan bercabang ................................ ................................ .................. 12
Gambar 4 . Rantai tertutup ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 13
Ga mbar 5 . Strktur Kimia Butana ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 18
Gambar 6 . Tata nama ester ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 66
Gambar 7 . Jenis -jenis senyawa aldehid a ................................ ................................ ..................... 67
Gambar 8 . Tata nama senyawa aldehid ................................ ................................ ....................... 68
Gambar 9 . Tata nama senyawa keton ................................ ................................ ........................... 70
Gambar 10 . Bagan penggolongan lipida ................................ ................................ ......................... 83
Gambar 11 . Minyak dan lemak dibedakan bentuknya ................................ ............................. 84
Gambar 12 . Proses pengecilan ukuran dan pemasakan sebagai langkah awal proses liquifikasi ...................................... 177
Gambar 13 . Liquifikasi dan Sakarifikasi ................................ ................................ ....................... 178
Gambar 14 . Fermentasi bahan baku bioethanol ................................ ................................ ....... 179
Gambar 15 . Sketsa proses penyulingan ethanol dengan alat konvensional .................. 181
Gambar 16 . Penyulingan (distilasi) etanol menggunakan distillator model kolom reflux ....................................... .181
Gambar 17 . Cairan etanol dari proses distilasi ................................ ................................ ......... 182
Gambar 18 . Bioetanol kadar 95 -96 % (alkohol teknis) ................................ ......................... 182
Gambar 19 . Pengukuran kadar etanol (alkohol) dengan alkoholmeter .......................... 183
Gambar 20 . Limbah dari proses pembuatan alkohol ................................ .............................. 184
Gambar 21 . Struktur kimia dan sifat -sifat fisis metanol ................................ ........................ 210
Gambar 22 . Reaksi proses perubahan etanol menjadi asam asetat ................................ ..218
Gambar 23 . Reaksi pembentukan asam asetat melalui proses elektrolisis ................... 222

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 . Suku pertama sampai dengan suku kesepuluh senyawa alkana ......................... 14
Tabel 2 . Rumus struktur beberapa senyawa alkana ................................ ................................ .. 17
Tabel 3 . Gugus alkil ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 20
Tabel 4 . Tatanama senyawa asam karboksilat ................................ ................................ ............. 72
Tabel 5 . Daftar nama asam lemak yang telah teridentifikasi ................................ .................. 85
Tabel 6 . Kadar kolesterol pada berbagai makanan ................................ ................................ .... 94
Tabel 7 . Konversi bahan baku tanaman menjadi etanol ................................ ........................ 174