Buku Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Untuk SMP/MTs Kelas 8 SMP

Materi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Untuk SMP/MTs

Kata Sambutan........................................................................................................................... iii
Kata Pengantar........................................................................................................................... iv
Petunjuk Penggunaan Buku.................................................................................................... v
Daftar Isi................................................................................................................................ vii

Bab IKondisi Fisik Wilayah dan Penduduk ................................................... 1
A. Letak Indonesia ........................................................................................... 3
B. Perubahan Musim di Indonesia ............................................................... 5
C. Jenis-Jenis Tanah ......................................................................................... 9
D. Jenis-Jenis dan Persebaran Flora dan Fauna .......................................... 10
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 13
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 14

Bab II Permasalahan Kependudukan dan Upaya Penanggulangannya ............ 17
A. Dinamika Kependudukan di Indonesia ................................................... 19
B. Masalah Kependudukan di Indonesia ..................................................... 22
C. Penanggulangan Masalah Kependudukan di Indonesia ...................... 32
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 33
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 34

Bab III Permasalahan Lingkungan Hidup dan Upaya
Penanggulangannya ............................................................................ 37
A. Unsur-Unsur Lingkungan ......................................................................... 39
B. Hewan dan Tumbuhan di Indonesia ....................................................... 41
C. Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup ................................................................. 42
D. Contoh Pelestarian Lingkungan ............................................................... 43
E. Tujuan Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan ................................. 44
F. Hakikat Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan ............................... 45
G. Ciri-Ciri Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan .............................. 45
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 46
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 47

Bab IV Permasalahan Kependudukan dan Dampaknya terhadap
Pembangunan .................................................................................... 49
A. Pengertian Masalah Kependudukan ....................................................... 51
B. Masalah Kependudukan di Indonesia ..................................................... 51
C. Dampak Masalah Kependudukan terhadap Pembangunan ................ 56
D. Upaya Mengatasi Masalah Kependudukan ........................................... 57
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 58
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 59

Bab VProses Kolonialisme Barat di Indonesia ................................................ 61
A. Kebijakan-Kebijakan Pemerintah Kolonial ............................................ 63
B. Pengaruh Kebijakan Pemerintah Kolonial ............................................. 77
C. Bentuk-Bentuk Perlawanan Rakyat dalam Menentang Kolonialisme
Barat di Berbagai Daerah .......................................................................... 79
D. Daerah-Daerah Persebaran Agama Kristiani ........................................ 98
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 101
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 102

Bab VI Terbentuknya Kesadaran Nasional ....................................................... 105
A. Pengaruh Perluasan Kekuasaan Kolonial, Pendidikan Barat
dan Islam terhadap Munculnya Nasionalisme Indonesia ................... 107
B. Peranan Golongan Terpelajar, Profesional dan Pers dalam
Menumbuhkembangkan Kesadaran Nasional Indonesia .................... 113
C. Perkembangan Pergerakan Nasional yang Bersifat Etnik,
Kedaerahan, Keagamaan, dan Terbentuknya Nasionalisme
Indonesia ...................................................................................................... 118
D. Peran Manifesto Politik 1925, Kongres 1928 dan
Perempuan Pertama dalam Proses Pembentukan Identitas
Kebangsaan Indonesia ............................................................................... 135
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 143
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 144

Bab VIIPenyimpangan Sosial .......................................................................... 149
A. Pengertian Penyimpangan Sosial ............................................................ 151
B. Penyebab Perilaku Menyimpang ............................................................. 152
C. Teori Penyimpangan Sosial ....................................................................... 152
D. Proses Pembentukan Perilaku Menyimpang ......................................... 154
E. Bentuk-Bentuk Penyimpangan ................................................................ 157
F. Sifat-Sifat Penyimpangan......................................................................... 159
G. Contoh Penyimpangan Sosial ................................................................... 159
H. Upaya Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyimpangan
Sosial............................................................................................................. 163
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 164
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 165

Bab VIIIKebutuhan Manusia dan Kelangkaan Sumber Daya ............................. 169
A. Kebutuhan Manusia ................................................................................... 171
B. Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya yang Langka dalam
Memenuhi Kebutuhan ............................................................................... 179
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 184
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 185

Bab IXPelaku Perekonomian ......................................................................... 187
A. Rumah Tangga Keluarga ........................................................................... 189
B. Rumah Tangga Produksi (Perusahaan) ................................................... 190
C. Negara (Pemerintah) .................................................................................. 191
D. Masyarakat Luar Negeri ........................................................................... 192
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 194
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 195

Bab XPasar ................................................................................................... 197
A. Pengertian Pasar......................................................................................... 199
B. Fungsi dan Peranan Pasar ......................................................................... 199
C. Macam-Macam Pasar ................................................................................ 200
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 207
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 208

Bab XIProses Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia ........................................... 211
A. Alasan Jepang Membentuk BPUPKI ........................................................ 213
B. Proses Penyusunan Dasar dan Konstitusi untuk Negara
Indonesia yang Akan Didirikan ................................................................ 215
C. Dibentuknya PPKI dan Peranannya dalam Proses
Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia .......................................................... 219
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 222
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 223

Bab XII Peristiwa Proklamasi dan Terbentuknya Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia ............................................................................. 225
A. Perbedaan Perseptif Antarkelompok Sekitar Proklamasi
Kemerdekaan Indonesia ............................................................................ 227
B. Menyusun Kronologi Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia ................ 232
C. Proses Penyebaran Berita Proklamasi Kemerdekaan dan
Sikap Rakyat di Berbagai Daerah ............................................................. 238
D. Proses Terbentuknya Negara dan Pemerintahan RI dalam
Sidang PPKI................................................................................................. 240
E. Dukungan Spontan dan Tindakan Heroik dari Berbagai
Daerah terhadap Pembentukan Negara dan Pemerintahan
Republik Indonesia ..................................................................................... 246
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 250
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 252

Bab XIIIHubungan Sosial ................................................................................. 257
A. Pengertian Hubungan Sosial .................................................................... 259
B. Jenis Hubungan Sosial ............................................................................... 262
ix
C. Terjadinya Hubungan Sosial .................................................................... 263
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 267

Bab XIVPranata Sosial ...................................................................................... 269
A. Hakikat Pranata Sosial ............................................................................... 271
B. Ciri-Ciri Umum Pranata Sosial ................................................................ 277
C. Tipe-Tipe Pranata Sosial ............................................................................ 278
D. Peran dan Fungsi Pranata Sosial ............................................................. 279
E. Klasifikasi Pranata Sosial .......................................................................... 280
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 286
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 287

Bab XV Ketenagakerjaan .................................................................................. 289
A. Angkatan Kerja dan Tenaga Kerja di Indonesia ..................................... 291
B. Peranan Pemerintah dalam Upaya Menanggulangi Masalah
Tenaga Kerja ................................................................................................ 298
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 300
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 301

Bab XVI Sistem Perekonomian Indonesia dan Pelaku-Pelaku Ekonomi .............. 303
A. Sistem Perekonomian Indonesia .............................................................. 305
B. Pelaku Utama dalam Perekonomian Indonesia ..................................... 310
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 322
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 324

Bab XVIIPajak ................................................................................................... 327
A. Perpajakan................................................................................................... 329
B. Jenis-Jenis Pajak .......................................................................................... 334
C. Fungsi Pajak ................................................................................................. 341
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 343

Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 345
Bab XVIIIPembentukan Harga Pasar ................................................................... 347
A. Permintaan (Demand) ................................................................................ 349
B. Penawaran (Supply) .................................................................................. 352
C. Harga Pasar ................................................................................................. 355
Rangkuman Materi .............................................................................................. 358
Uji Kompetensi ..................................................................................................... 359

Daftar Pustaka............................................................................................................................ 361
Glosarium.................................................................................................................................... 365
Indeks.......................................................................................................................................... 370