Buku Dasar Analisis Fisiokimia Kelas 11 SMK

Materi Dasar Analisis Fisiokimia

KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. viii
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ ix
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ x

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1
C. Pentunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 1
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 3
E. Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar ................................ ................................ ......................... 3
F. Cek Kemampuan Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 5

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 7
KEGIATAN PEM BELAJARAN 1. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA REFRAKTOMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 7
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 7
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 7
2. Ura ian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 37
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 38
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 39
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 39

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 2. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA POLARIMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 42
A. Des kripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 42
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 42
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 42
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 42
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 60
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 60
5. Tes formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 61
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 62

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 3. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 64
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 64
B. Kegiatan Bela jar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 64
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 64
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 64
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 95
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 96
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 97
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 98

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 4. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA KOLORIMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 100
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 100
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 100
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 100
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 100
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 112
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 112
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 113
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 114

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 5. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA KONDUKTOMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 116
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 116
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 116
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 116
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 116
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 134
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 135
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 136
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 136

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 6. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN DAN PERIKANAN
SECARA POTENSIOMETRI ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 139
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 139
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 139
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 139
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 139
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 153
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 153
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 154
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 155

KEGIATAN PEMBELAJARAN 7. PENGUJIAN BAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN SECARA
KROMATOGRAFI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 157
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 157
B. Kegiatan Be lajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 157
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 157
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 157
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 209
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 210
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 211
C. PENILAIAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 212

III. PENTUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 214
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 215

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 . Pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya ................................ ................................ .................. 9
Gambar 2 . Arah Pembiasan Cahaya ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 9
Gambar 3 . Pembiasan cahaya pada prisma ................................ ................................ ........................ 12
Gambar 4 . Hand Refratometer brik 0 – 32% ................................ ................................ ..................... 15
Gambar 5 . Refraktometer Imersi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 17
Gambar 6 . Dua jenis Refraktometer Abbe yang modern (tipe Abbe 60/95 dan Abbe 5) . 21
Gambar 7 . Bag ian -bagian Refraktometer Abbe ................................ ................................ ................ 22
Gambar 8 . Gelombang terpolarisasi dan takterpolarisasi. ................................ ........................... 45
Gambar 9 . Polarisasi karena pemantulan ................................ ................................ ........................... 46
Gambar 10 . Spektropolarimeter ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 48
Gambar 11 . Saccharimeter at the Sugar Museum (Berlin). ................................ .......................... 49
Gambar 12 . Zeiss polarimeter ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 52
Gambar 13 . Proses penyerapan cahaya oleh zat dalam sel sampel. Cahaya sebelum melewati sel sampel lebih terang atau lebih banyak di banding cahaya setelah melewati sel sampel ................................ ................................ ............................. 67
Gambar 14 . LIVI 300 Visible Spectrophotometer ................................ ................................ ............ 70
Gambar 15 . Shimadzu(R) UV -1800(R) Spectrophotometer ................................ ........................ 72
Gambar 16 . Spektrofotometri UV -Vis ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 73
Gambar 17 . Bagan alat sp ektrofometri Uv -Visible (Sumber : watson,1999) .......................... 77
Gambar 18 . Kuvet Spektrofotometer UV -VIS ................................ ................................ ..................... 78
Gambar 19 . Con toh Spektra Uv -Visible ................................ ................................ ................................ 79
Gambar 20 . Proses absorpsi dan emisi suatu atom ................................ ................................ ......... 81
Gambar 21 . Skema peralatan AAS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 85
Gambar 22 . Lampu Katoda Berongga (Hallow Cathode Lamp) ................................ .................. 86
Gambar 23 . Kurva kalibrasi ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 90
Gambar 24 . A Nessler Cylinder ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 102
Gambar 25 . Gambar dan diagram dari Kolorimeter Duboscq, untuk mendapatkan visual pertandingan warna antara dua kolom cairan untuk sampai pada rasio konsentra si kuantitatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 102
Gambar 26 . 1.0 ml Digital Photo Colorimeter (Model no. KCD – 10D) ................................ . 106
Gambar 27 . Kurva titrasi ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 120
Gambar 28 . Konduktometer ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 128
Gambar 29 . ??? ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 130
Gambar 30 . Skema pengelompokkan kromatografi ................................ ................................ ..... 160
Gambar 31 . Kromatografi pita/noda. ................................ ................................ ................................ 163
Gambar 32 . Kromatografi dua jalan ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 164
Gambar 33 . Batas ketinggian pelarut ................................ ................................ ................................ . 166
Gambar 34 . B ercak warna yang tampak setelah pelarut telah bergerak hampir selur uhnya ke atas ................... ............ 166
Gambar 35. Senyawa berwarna sebelum dan sesudah disemprot dengan ninhidrin .... 168
Gambar 36. Pemotongan pipa kapiler ................................ ................................ ............................... 182
Gambar 37. Prosedur analisis KLT, (a) Pro ses penempatan noda; (b) Proses pengembangan noda ........................... 183
Gambar 38. Penampakan noda dengan kristal iod ................................ ................................ ....... 184
Gambar 39. Bentuk noda aneh KLT dari senyawa senyawa -senyawa murni: (a) senyawa yang mempunyai gugus asam atau basa kuat; (b) permukaan penyerap rusak pada penotolan; (c) senyawa dikembangkan dengan pelarut yang sangat polar. ................................ ................................ ..............................186
Gambar 40. Kromatografis Gas (GC) ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 188
Gambar 41. Skema Sistim Kromatografi Gas ................................ ................................ .................. 188
Gambar 42. Sistem injeksi split ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 190

Tabel 1 . Skala indek refraksi internasional ICUMSA untuk larutan Sakarosa murni suhu 20°C dan 589 nm .................................. ........................ 32
Tabel 2 . Koreksi hubungan antara faksi massa larutan sakarosa dengan indek refraksi pads 589 nm apabila suhu pengukuran tidak pada 20 oC ........................ 36
Tabel 3 . Panjang gelombang, warna yang diserap dan warna komplementer ...................... 70
Tabel 4 . Suhu Nyala pada Proses Atomisasi ................................ ................................ ........................ 82
Tabel 5 . Jenis -jenis Pelarut untuk Kromatografi Kertas ................................ .............................. 170
Tabel 6. Jenis Penyerap untuk Kromatografi Lapisan Tipis ................................ ....................... 181
Tabel 7. Zat -zat penampak noda dan metodenya ................................ ................................ .......... 185
Tabel 8. Harga Rf untuk berbagai macam pelarut ................................ ................................ ......... 204