Buku Teknik Transmisi Tenaga Listrik Jilid 2 Kelas 11 SMK

Materi Teknik Transmisi Tenaga Listrik Jilid 2

ii
Daftar Isi

Kata Pengantar …………….................................................... i
Daftar isi ……………………….......................... ii
Diagram Pencapaian Kompetensi ............................................... ix

JILID 1
BAB. I. PEMELIHARAAN DC POWER .................................. 1
1.1. Hukum Ohm ………....................... 1
1.2. Hukum Kirchoff ......… ........................ 3
1.3. Daya Dalam Rangkaian DC ………………............. 6
1.3.1. Prinsip Dasar Rangkaian DC …............................... 7
1.3.2. Hubungan Antara Arus Tegangan dan Tahanan ............. 8
1.4. Komponen Semikonduktor ……………….................. 15
1.5. Sistem DC Power ………………...................................... 20
1.6. Charger (Rectifier) …………………………………….. 25
1.6.1. Jenis Charger …....................................................... 25
1.6.2. Prinsip Kerja Charger ........................................... 26
1.6.3. Bagian-Bagian Charger ............................... 27
1.7. Automatic Voltaga Regulator ………………........................ 29
1.7.1. Komponen Pengantar Seting Tegangan ....................... 30
1.7.2. Komponen Pengantar Seting Floating ....................... 31
1.7.3. Komponen Pengantar Seting Equalizing ....................... 31
1.7.4. Komponen Pengantar Seting Arus ....................... 31
1.8. Rangkaian voltage Dropper ………………............................ 33
1.9. Rangkaian Proteksi Tegangan Surja Hubung....................... 34
1.10. Pengertian beterai ..................................................... 37
1.10.1. Prinsip kerja baterai ............................................... 37
1.10.2. Prinsip kerja baterai asam-timah ................................. 38
1.10.3. Poses pengisian baterai ....................... ………............. 38
1.10.4. Prinsip kerja baterai alkali.................................................... 39
1.11. Jenis-jenis Baterai ………………................... ... 39
1.12. Bagian-bagian Utama Baterai ………………......................... 46
1.13. Instalasi Sel Baterai ………………...................................... 48
1.14. Pentilasi Ruang Baterai ……………….......................... 52
1.15. Pengertian pemeliharaan DC power ................................... 54
1.15.1. Tujuan Pemeliharaan ............................................... 54
1.15.2. Jenis Pemeliharaan ............................................... 54
1.15.3. Pelaksanaan Pemeliharaan ....................... ………. 55
1.15.4. Kegiatan Pemeliharaan ....................... 56
1.15.5. Pemeliharaan Charger ……………….................................. 58
1.15.6 Pengukuran Arus Output Maksimum .................................... 61
1.16 Jadwal dan Chek list Pemeliharaan Charger ........................ 63
1.16.1. Pemeliharaan Baterai ............................................... 63
1.16.2. Cara pelaksanaan pengukuran tegangan ....................... 64
1.16.3. Pengukuran Berat Jenis Elektrolit ………......................... 65
1.16.4. Pengukuran Suhu Elektrolit ................................... 68
1.16.5. Jadwal pemeliharaan periodik baterai ....................... 70
1.17. Pengujian dan shooting pada DC Power................................. 73
1.17.1. Pengujian Indikator Charger ..................................... 73
1.17.2. Pengujian Kapasitas Baterai ............................................... 75
1.17.3. Pengujian kadar Potassium Carbonate ( K
ZC0 3 ) ............. 81
1.18. Trouble shooting ................................... 90
1.18.1. Kinerja Baterai ……………….................................. 91
1.19. Keselamatan kerja ……………….................................... 95

BAB. II. PENGKURAN LISTRIK ……………….............. 97
2.1. Pengertian Pengukuran ………………........................... 97
2.2. Besaran Satuan dan dimensi ……………….......................... 98
2.3. Karaktaristik dan Klasifikasi Alat Ukur ………...................... 101
2.4. Frekuensi Meter ………………....................................... 109
2.5. Kwh Meter ……….............. .................................................... 111
2.6. Megger ……………………............................... 111
2.7. Fase Squensi ………………............................................ 112
2.8. Pengukuran Besaran Listrik …………................................. 114
2.9. Prinsip kerja Kumparan Putar ……………….......................... 116
2.10. Sistem Induksi ………………................................................ 117
2.11. Sistem Elektro Dinamis …........................................... 118
2.12. Sistem Kawat Panas ................................................ 120
2.13. Alat Ukur Elektronik …................................................... 120
2.14. Alat Ukur dengan Menggunakan Transformator …........ 121
2.15. Macam-macam alat ukur untuk keperluan pemeliharaan........ 123
2.15.1.Meter Tahanan Isolasi ........................................................... 123
2.15.2.Meter Tahanan Pentanahan .................................... 123
2.15.3.Tester Tegangan tinggi .................................... 125
2.15.4.Tester Tegangan tembus .................................... 127

BAB. III. TRANSFORMATOR …………………...................... 128
3.1. Prinsip induksi ………………..................................... 128
3.2. Kumparan Transformator ………………......................... 130
3.3. Minyak Transformator ………………..................................... 131
3.4. Bushing ………………............................................................ 132
3.5. Tangki Konservator .......................................................... 132
3.6. Peralatan Bantu Pendingin Transformator …………........ 133
3.7. Tap Changer …………….................................................... 135
3.8. Alat Pernapasan Transformator …………................. ..............
135
3.9. Alat Indikator Transformator ……………….........................
137
3.10.Peralatan Proteksi Internal ...............................................
137
3.11.Peralatan Tambahan Untuk Pengaman Transformator ........... 142
3.12.Rele Proteksi Transformator dan Fungsinya ....................... 144
3.13.Announciator Sistem Instalasi Tegangan Tinggi ............... 150
3.13.Parameter/Pengukuran Transformator ................................... 153

JILID 2

BAB IV. SALURAN UDARA TEGANGAN TINGGI ……………......
159
4.1. Saluran Udara ………........................................................... 160
4.2. Saluran Kabel ……………............................ ........................ 160
4.3. Perlengkapan SUTT/SUTETI ....................................
161
4.3.1.Tower .................................................................................... 161
4.3.2.Bagian-bagian tower ......................................................... 165
4.4. Kondukror .........…………….................................
170
4.5. Kawat Tanah .........…...................... .........................
172
4.5.1.Bahan Kawat Tanah ................................................ 173
4.5.2.Jumlah dan Posisi Kawat Tanah ........................................ 173
4.5.3.Pentanahan Tower ............................................................
173
4.6. Isolator ………………………................................................... 174
4.6.1.Isolator Piring ............................................................ 174
4.6.2.Nilai Isolator .......................................................................
178
4.6.3.Jenis Isolator ......................................................................
178
4.6.4.Speksifikasi isolator. ...........................................................
180

BAB V. GARDU INDUK .................................................
184
5.1. Busbar …………………................................................
184
5.1.1. Jenis Isolasi Busbar ……….................................................. 184
5.1.2. Sistem Busbar (Rel) ..................................................
184
5.1.3. Gardu Induk dengan single busbar .....................................
185
5.1.4. Gardu Induk dengan Doble busbar .....................................
186
5.1.5. Gardu Induk dengan satu setengah / one half busbar ............
186
5.2. Arrester …………………............................................................
187
5.3. Transformator Instrumen ……….......................................
188
5.3.1. Transformator Tegangan ……….......................................
188
5.3.2. Transformator Arus ……….......................................
190
5.3.3. Transformator Bantu ……….......................................
191
5.3.4 Indikator Unjuk kerja Transformator Ukur ………................ 192
5.4. Pemisah (PMS) ………...................................................
194
5.4.1. Pemisah Engsel ……….................................................. 195
5.4.2. Pemisah Putar ..............................................................
195
5.4.3. Pemisah Siku ..............................................................
195
5.4.4. Pemisah Luncur ……….................................................. 196
5.5. Pemutus tenaga listrik (PMT) ...................................... 199
5.5.1. Jenis Isolasi Pemutus Tenaga ............................................ 199
5.5.2, PMT dengan Media pemutus menggunakan udara …………. 201
5.5.3. PMT dengan Hampa Udara ................................................. 204
5.5.4. PMT dengan Media pemutus menggunakan Minyak..........
206
5.5.5. PMT dengan Sedikit Minyak ..................................... 207
5.6. Jenis Penggerak Pemutus Tenaga .................................... 209
5.6.1. Mekanik Jenis Spering ………...........................................
209
5.6.2. Mekanik Jenis Hidrolik ……….................................................. 212

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5.6.3. Penutupan PMT .................................................................. 216
5.6.4. Pembukaan PMT .................................................................
216
5.7. Kompesator ........................................................................
220
5.7.1. Kompensator shunt .................................................
221
5.7.2. Kompensator reaktor shunt ....................................
222
5.8. Peralatan SCADA dan Telekomunikasi.................................
223
5.8.1. Prinsip Dasar PLC ................................................
223
5.8.2. Peralatan Kopling ................................................ 224
5.8.3. Kapasitor Kopling ................................................ 225
5.8.4. Wave trap ..................................
......................... 226
5.8.5. Prinsip Kerja Dasar Wave trap .................................... 227
5.8.6. Line Matching Unit ............................................................ 230
5.9 . Peralatan Pengaman ............................................................ 231
5.9.1. Lightning Arester ................................................. 232
5.10. Aplikasi PLC ............................................................. 233
5.10.1. Komunikasi Suara .................................................
233
5.10.2. Penggunaan Kanal Suara ..................................... 234
5.10.3. Teleproteksi Protection Signalling ............................... 234
5.10.4. Ramute Terminal Unit (RTU) Tipe EPC 3200........................ 235
5.11. Simbul-simbul yang ada pada Gardu Induk
..................... ... 236
5.12. Rele Proteksi dan Annunsiator ....................................
238

BAB VI. SISTEM PENTANAHAN TITIK NETRAL ............
246
6.1. Sistem Pentanahan Titik Netral ................................... 246
6.2. Tujuan Pentanahan Titik Netral .................................... 247
6.2.1. Sistem Yang tidak Ditanahkan …..................................
247
6.2.2. Metode Pentanahan titik Netral ..................................... 247
6.3. Pentanahan Titik Netral Tampa Impedansi ..........................
247
6.4. Pentanahan Titik Netral Melalui Tahanan ………............... 248
6.5. Pentanahan Titik Netral Melalui Kumparan Peterson .............. 251
6.6. Tranformator Pentanahan ………........................... 252
6.7. Penerapan Sistem Pentanahan di Indonesia .............. 253
6.8. Pentanahan Peralatan ............................................... 254
6.9. Exposur tegangan ................................................
256
6.10. Pengaruh Busur Tegangan Terhadap Tenaga Listrik..........
258
6.10.1.Pengaruh tahanan Pentanahan Terhadap Sistem ............... 258
6.10.2.Macam-macam Elektroda Pentanahan .............. ..........
258
6.11. Metode Cara Pentanahan .................................................
260
6.11.1.Pentanahan dengan Driven Ground. .......................... 260

6.11.2.Pentanahan Dengan Mesh atau Jala .............. .................. 261
6.12. Tahanan Jenis Tanah ............................................................. 262
6.13. Pengkuran Tahanan Pentanahan .................................... 263

BAB VII. KONTRUKSI KABEL TENAGA ........................
265
7.1. Kabel Minyak .......................................................................... 265
7.1.1. Bagian-bagian Kabel Minyak …...................................
265

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7.1.2. Konduktor ................................................. 265
7.1.3. Isolasi Kabel ........................................................................ 266
7.1.4. Data Kimia ........................................................................
267
7.2. Karakteristik Minyak .............................................................
268
7.3. Macam-macam Minyak Kabel .................................................
270
7.4. Tangki Minyak ............................................................. 272
7.5. Perhitungan Sistem Hidrolik .....................................
278
7.6. Keselamatan Kerja …..............................................
280
7.7. Crossbonding dan Pentanahan ..........................
290
7.8. Cara Kontruksi Solid bonding ….................................
292
7.9. Tranposisi dan sambung Silang …................................
294
7.10. Alat Pengukur Tekakan …................... ..............
299
7.11. Tekanan Pada Kabel Minyak …..................................
300
7.12. Kabel Tenaga XLPE …..............................................
303
7.13. Kontruksi Kabel Laut …..............................................
307

JILID 3
BAB VIII. PEMELIHARAAN KABEL TEGANGAN TINGGI ......... 310
8.1. Manajemen Pemeliharaan .................................................
310
8.1.1. Manajemen Pemeliharaan Peralatan ..................................
310
8.1.2. Perencanaan ................................................
311
8.1.3. Pengorganisasian ........................................................... 312
8.1.4. Penggerakan ........................................................................
313
8.1.5. Pengendalian ........................................................................
314
8.2. Pengertian dan tujuan Pemeliharan ....................................
314
8.3. Jenis-jenis Pemeliharaan ...............................................
315
8.4. Pemeliharaan Yang Dilakukan Terhadap Kabel Laut
Tegangan Tinggi ................................................................
318
8.5. Prosedur Pemeliharaan ................................................
321
8.6. Dekumen Prosedur Pelaksanan Pekerjaan ..........................
330
8.7. Pemilihan Instalasi Kabel Tanah Jenis Oil Fillied ..............
332
8.8. Spare Kabel ........................................................................ 335
8.9. Termination .......................................................................
335
8.10. Tank Chanber Umum .............................................................
337
8.11. Anti Crossbonding Coverting ..................................... 338
7.12. Cara mengukur Tekanan Minyak Dengan Manometer.........
342
8.13. Penggelaran Kabel ................................................
348
8.14. Regangan maksimum yang diizinkan pada Kabel .............
349
8.15. Perhitungan Daya tarik Horizontal ........................
350
8.16. Peralatan Pergelaran kabel ....................................
353
8.17. Jadwal Pemeliharaan ................................................
353
8.18. Kebocoran minyak Kabel Tenaga .........................
354
8.19. Gangguan kabel pada lapisan pelindung P.E. oversheath.....
360
8.19.1.Methoda mencari lokasi gangguan pada lapisan pelindung
kabel.......................................................................................
360
8.19.2.Methoda Murray .............................................................
360

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8.20. Memperbaiki Kerusakan Kabel ......................... 366
8.20.1.
Memperbaiki kerusakan lead sheath kabel .......................... 366
8.20.2.
Mengganti Kabel yang rusak . ..................................... 367
8.21. Auxiliary Cable.
.................................................................... 370

BAB . IX. PROTEKSI SISTEM PENYALURAN ........................
372
9.1. Perangkat Sistem Proteksi ....................................
373
9.1.1. Elemen Pengindra .............................. ..............
373
9.1.2 Elemen Pembanding ...............................................
373
9.1.3 Elemen Pengukur ............................................................
373
9.2. Fungsi dan Peralatan Rele Proteksi .....................................
374
9.2.1. Sensitif. .............................. ................................ 374
9.2.2. Selektif ..........................................................
374
9.2.3. Cepat ....................................................................................
374
9.2.4. Handal ....................................................................................
375
9.2.5. Ekonomis .....................................................................
... 375
9.2.6. Sederhana ........................................................................
375
9.3. Penyebab Terjadinya Kegagalan Proteksi .........................
375
9.4. Gangguan pada sistem Penyaluran ..................................... 376
9.4.1. Gangguan Sistem ......................... ....................
376
9.4.2 Gangguan Non Sistem ....................................
376
9.5. Proteksi Pengantar ............................................................. 376
9.6. Sistem Proteksi SUTET .................................................
378
9.7. Media Telekomunikasi .................................................
379
9.8. Relai Jarak ........................................................................ 379
9.8.1. Prinsip Kerja Relai Jarak ............................. ................
379
9.8.2. Pengukuran Impedansi Gangguan Oleh Relai Jarak ............
381
9.8.3 Gangguan Hubung Singkat Tiga Fasa .........................
381
9.8.4 Gangguan Hubung Singkat Dua Fasa .........................
381
9.8.5 Gangguan Hubung Singkat Satu Fasa Ke Tanah..................
382
9.9. Karakteristik Rele Jarak .................................................
383
9.9.1. Karakteristik Impedansi ............................. ..................
383
9.9.2. Karakteristik Mho ............................................................
383
9.9.3 Karakteristik Reaktance .................................................
384
9.9.4 Karakteristik Quadrilateral ....................................
385
9.10. Pola Proteksi ...........................................................
386
9.10.1. Pola Dasar ...........................................................
386
9.10.2. Pola PUTT ...........................................................
386
9.10.3. Pola Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip .........................
387
9.10.4. Pola Blocking .......................................................................
387
9.11. Current Differential Relay ................................................
390
9.12. Proteksi Transformator Tenaga .....................................
397
9.13. Rele Arus Lebih ................................................
400
9.14. Proteksi Penyulang 20 KV ...............................................
401
9.15. Disturbance Fault ............................................................
402
9.16. Basic Operation ................................................
404

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9.17. Auto Recloser ............................................................ 405
BAB . X. PEMELIHARAAN SUTT/SUTETI BEBAS TEGANGAN..
410
10.1. Tujuan Pemeliharaan ...........................................................
410
10.2. Jenis-jensi pemeliharaan .............................................
410
10.2.1. Pemeliharaan Rutin : ...........................................................
410
10.2.2. Pemeriksaan Rutin................................................................
410
10.2.3. Pemeriksaan Sistematis........................................................
411
10.2.4. Pemeliharaan Korektif............................................................
412
10.2.5. Pemeliharaan Darurat...........................................................
412
10.3. Prosedur Pemeliharaan SUTT/SUTET .........................
413
10.3.1. Peralatan yang dipelihara ....................................................
413
10.3.2. Peralatan Kerja ...........................................................
418
10.3.3. Petunjuk Pemeliharaan Peralatan ................................. ..
420
10.3.4. Pelaporan Pekerjan Pemeliharaan ................................. ..
421

LAMPIRAN :
Daftar Pustaka . .......................................................................
A